Cannabinoids: Sources, Applications, Pharmacokinetics, and Analytical Challenges for their Monitoring in Complex Matrices.

Dirtu A.; Filipiuc S.; Cîmpan A.; Tamba B.; Neagu A.; Staruiala M.; Dascălu C.; Uritu C.; Filipiuc L. · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026

**Background & Methods** This is a comprehensive review article examining cannabinoids from multiple scientific perspectives. The review synthesizes recent literature on cannabinoid classification, mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, pharmacokinetic properties, and analytical methodologies for detection in biological matrices. **Key Findings** • Cannabinoids are classified into three primary categories based on origin: phytocannabinoids (plant-derived), endocannabinoids (endogenously produced), and synthetic cannabinoids, each with distinct pharmacological profiles and biological activities through cannabinoid receptor interactions. • The review identifies significant analytical challenges in cannabinoid monitoring within complex biological matrices, highlighting the critical importance of optimized sample extraction, cleanup strategies, and selection of appropriate analytical techniques to ensure accurate and reliable detection. • Comprehensive coverage of cannabinoid pharmacokinetics demonstrates variable absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination patterns that influence therapeutic efficacy and monitoring requirements across different biological matrices commonly used in clinical and forensic testing. **Dosage & Administration** Not reported. This review does not provide specific dosing recommendations or administration routes, as it addresses cannabinoid monitoring and analytical methodology rather than clinical dosing protocols. **Safety & Adverse Effects** Not reported. The review does not extensively detail adverse effects or safety profiles. As a methodological review focused on analytical challenges and pharmacokinetics, safety data were not emphasized as primary outcomes. **Evidence Quality** This review represents Level V evidence as a narrative literature review without original data collection or systematic methodology. Limitations include the inherent bias in literature selection and synthesis, lack of meta-analysis, and dependence on previously published work. The review's strength lies in its comprehensive integration of multiple cannabinoid categories and analytical approaches. However, the broad scope may limit depth in specific clinical applications. The 2026 publication date suggests inclusion of recent advances in cannabinoid research and analytical chemistry. The review's utility is primarily for understanding the landscape of cannabinoid science, analytical methodology, and pharmacokinetic principles rather than informing specific clinical decision-making. Readers should consult primary clinical trials for evidence supporting therapeutic applications in specific conditions.

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